Izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-polyethylene PE

Ekukhiqizeni kwe umjovo udini izingxenye, akunakugwenywa ukusebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki. Namuhla sizochaza inqubo yokukhiqiza pe, okuyinhloko emhlabeni 11 izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-polyethylene PE

Okwamanje, kukhona izinkampani eziningi nge ubuchwepheshe be-polyethylene emhlabeni, kuhlanganise 7 izinkampani ezinobuchwepheshe be-LDPE, 10 izinkampani ezine-LDPE kanye nobuchwepheshe obugcwele abantu, futhi 12 izinkampani ezinobuchwepheshe be-HDPE. Ngokombono wentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukukhiqizwa komfutho ophezulu we-LDPE kuyindlela evuthiwe kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-PE resin. Kokubili indlela yeketela kanye nendlela yeshubhu sezikhulile. Okwamanje, lobu buchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obubili buhlala ndawonye. Amazwe athuthukile ngokuvamile athatha inqubo yokukhiqiza amashubhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ama-catalyst asezingeni eliphansi elisebenza kakhulu ukuze ziqalise izinhlelo ze-polymerization, okunganciphisa izinga lokushisa lokusabela nokucindezela. Ukukhiqizwa komfutho ophezulu we-LDPE kuzothuthuka ekuqondeni kokukhiqizwa okukhulu kanye ne-tubular. Ukukhiqizwa kwengcindezi ephansi ye-HDPE ne-LLDPE ikakhulukazi kusebenzisa i-titanium kanye nama-catalyst ayinkimbinkimbi. I-Europe ne-Japan zisebenzisa kakhulu izisusa ze-titanium zohlobo lwe-Ziegler, kuyilapho i-United States isebenzisa ama-catalyst ayinkimbinkimbi. Okwamanje, bangu 11 izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-polyethylene ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Isingeniso esifushane simi kanje:
(1) I-Basel company gas phase Spherilene process

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PE eqondile kungasukela ku-PE ephansi kakhulu yokuminyana (ULDPE) ku-LLDPE, kanye ne-HDPE. Khetha

I-Ziegler-Natta yohlobo lwe-titanium-based catalyst kanye nenqubo yesigaba segesi ye-Spherilene isetshenziswa. Ebukhoneni be-inert hydrocarbons ekhanyayo, i-catalyst kanye nesiphakeli senziwe i-polymerized ngobuningi kuqala, kanye nenqwaba ye-polymerization kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithambile. I-slurry ingena ku-reactor yesigaba sokuqala segesi, isebenzisa i-circulating gas loop cooler ukuqeda ukushisa, bese ingena kuma-reactors wesigaba segesi ezimbili. Ukuminyana kwemikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe kusuka ku-ULDPE (ngaphansi kuka-900kg/m3) ku-HDPE (okukhulu kune 960 kg/m3), kanye nezinga lokuncibilika lokugeleza (I-MFR) isukela 0.01 ku 100. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-reactors wesigaba segesi ezimbili, ingakhiqiza ama-bimodal kanye nama-polymer akhethekile. Izinto. Kusukela inqubo ye-Spheri Lene yethulwa emakethe ku 1992, manje isinamandla okukhiqiza 1.8 amathani ayizigidi ngonyaka. Amayunithi okukhiqiza ayisithupha (1 e-United States, 2 eNingizimu Korea, 2 eBrazil, futhi 1 eNdiya) seziqalisiwe ukusebenza, kanye nezinye ezimbili (1 ngalinye eNdiya nase-Iran) zisakhiwa. Umthamo wokukhiqiza womugqa owodwa ungafinyelela 100,000 amathani ngeyunithi ngayinye. Eyodwa 300,000 amathani ngonyaka. Okwamanje, I-China ayinazo izindawo zokukhiqiza zalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe.
(2) Inqubo ye-Borealis Bastar

Inqubo ye-Beixing PE ingakhiqiza i-LLDPE ye-bimodal ne-unimodal, I-MDPE (ukuminyana okumaphakathi PE) kanye ne-HDPE. sebenzisa

Iluphu yochungechunge, igesi isigaba low pressure reactor. Ukuminyana kwe-PE kungu-918-970kg/m3, futhi inkomba ncibilika kuyinto 0.1-100. Yamukela i-Z-N catalyst noma i-Ssc (isayithi elilodwa elisebenzayo) i-catalyst.

I-catalyst ne-propane diluent ixutshwe ku-compact pre-polymerization reactor, kanye ne-co-catalyst,

I-Ethylene, i-comonomer ne-hydrogen. I-pre-polymerized slurry ingena ku-reactor yesibili enkulu ye-slurry loop futhi isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi kakhulu. (75-100C, 5. 5-6.5 I-MPa). Ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-bimodal. I-polymer ekhanyayo iphinde ithunyelwe ku-fluidized bed gas reactor ngaphandle kokwengeza ama-catalyst amasha, kanye nama-homopolymers angatholakala. Izimo zokusabela kwesigaba segesi ziyi: 75-100C, 2. 0I-MPa. Isethi yokuqala yemishini yezimboni yaqala ukusebenza eFinland ngo 1995, kanye nemigqa emibili yokukhiqiza (450,000 amathani/ngonyaka imikhiqizo ye-bimodal) ezakhiwe e-Abu Dhabi zafakwa ukusebenza engxenyeni yesibili ye 2001. Isethi yesihlanu ye 250,000 amathani/ngonyaka (isethi yesibili ye-bimodal) yabuye yakhiwa eChina Shanghai Petrochemical Company, ibe yidivayisi ye-PE enkulu kunazo zonke yaseChina. Umthamo omkhulu wokuklama walo mugqa owodwa wale nqubo ungafinyelela 300,000 amathani/ngonyaka.
(3) Inqubo ye-BP yesigaba segesi ye-Innovene

Ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-LLDPE ne-HDPE, usebenzisa i-Z-N titanium-based, ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-chromium noma i-metallocene. I-Chrome

I-ejenti yamakhemikhali ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo enesisindo esibanzi samangqamuzana, kanye neZiegler-Natta (Z-N) I-catalyst ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo enesisindo esincane samangqamuzana. Izimo zokusebenza ze-reactor yombhede zikhululekile, ku-75-100C naku-2.0MPa. I-Butene noma i-hexene ingasetshenziswa njenge-comonomer. 30 amasethi emigqa yokukhiqiza aseqalile ukusebenza, ukuklama noma ukwakhiwa. Umthamo usukela 50,000 ku 350,000 amathani ngonyaka.

I-Technip ibambisana ne-BP eYurophu, izwe elaliyiSoviet Union, i-South America, I-China neMalaysia
Sekela inqubo ye-BP's Innovene yokukhiqiza i-polyethylene. Umthamo we-BP's Innovene PE manje usudlulile 8 amathani ayizigidi ngonyaka, kufaka phakathi amadivayisi we-PE e-Bandar Iman e-Iran, Grangermus eScotland, Ipigogo e-Indonesia, kanye noKeltih eMalaysia. Ukunwetshwa kwesibili kwemboni ye-LLDPE/HDPE ye-Dushanzi Petrochemical Company yaseChina nakho kwamukele inqubo ye-Innovene., okwandayo kusuka 120,000 amathani/ngonyaka ukuze 200,000 amathani/ngonyaka. I-SECCO entsha 600,000 amathani e-polyethylene azosebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe.
(4) Inqubo yokusabela ye-ExxonMobil yeshubhu neketela

Inqubo ye-radical yamahhala enengcindezi ephezulu isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-LDPE homopolymer ne-EVA (i-ethylene vinyl acetate) i-copolymer.

Ama-reactors ama-tubular amakhulu (umthamo we 130 ku 350,000 amathani/ngonyaka) kanye nama-reactors ethangi anyakazayo (umthamo mayelana 100,000 amathani/ngonyaka) zisetshenziswa. Ingcindezi yokusebenza kwe-reactor ye-tubular iphezulu njengo-300MPa, futhi i-reactor yethangi ingaphansi kuka-200MPa. Inzuzo yenqubo yokucindezela okuphezulu ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala, futhi i-reactor efanayo ingashintshwa kusukela ekukhiqizeni ama-homopolymers kuya kuma-copolymer. Ukuminyana kwe-homopolymer polymer kuyinto 912-935 kg/m3, futhi inkomba ncibilika kuyinto 0.2-150. Okuqukethwe kwe-vinyl acetate kungaba phezulu njenge 30%. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngethani ngalinye lokukhiqizwa kwe-polymer kukhona: 1.008 amathani ethylene, 800kwh kagesi, 0.35t umusi, kanye ne-5m3 ye-nitrogen. 23 amasethi ama-high-pressure process reactor aseqalile ukusebenza, namandla okukhiqiza 1.7 amathani ayizigidi ngonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-homopolymers nama-copolymers ahlukahlukene. Okwamanje, Isitshalo se-LDPE sika-Yanshan esisanda kwakhiwa esingamathani angama-200,000/ngonyaka samukela ubuchwepheshe bendlela ye-tube yenkampani.
(5) Inqubo ye-Mitsui Chemicals low-pressure slurry Cx

Ingakhiqiza I-HDPE ne-MDPE, usebenzisa inqubo ye-CX yokucindezela okuphansi. Ingakhiqiza ukusabalalisa kwesisindo se-bimodal molecular

Umkhiqizo. I-Ethylene, i-hydrogen, i-comonomer kanye ne-ultra-high function catalyst ingena ku-reactor, futhi ukusabela kwe-polymerization kwenzeka esimweni sodaka. Uhlelo lokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwempahla ye-polymer lungalawula ngempumelelo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi i-ultra-high function catalyst ayidingi ukususwa emkhiqizweni. 90% ye-solvent ehlukanisiwe ne-slurry ingagaywa kabusha ngokuqondile ku-reactor ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukwelashwa. Ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo enokusabalalisa kwesisindo samangqamuzana emincane noma ebanzi ngobuningi be 930-970 kg/m3 kanye nenkomba yokuncibilika kwe 0.01-50. Ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngethani ngalinye lomkhiqizo okhiqizwayo: 1010 kg we-ethylene kanye nama-comonomers, 305 kWh kagesi, 340 kg umusi, 190 amathani amanzi okupholisa, futhi 30 m3 ye-nitrogen. 35 imigqa yokukhiqiza isiqalile ukusebenza noma isakhiwa, ngomthamo ophelele we 3.6 amathani ayizigidi ngonyaka. Okwamanje, amabhizinisi asekhaya asebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa imboni yamathani angu-220,000 e-Daqing, isitshalo esingamathani angu-140,000 eYangtze naseYanshan, kanye nesitshalo esingamathani angama-70,000 eLanzhou.
(6) Inqubo ye-Chevron-Philips double loop reactor LPE

Inqubo ye-Phillips Petroleum Company LPE isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-polyethylene ewumugqa (I-LPE). I-catalyst esebenzayo kakhulu

I-ejenti yamakhemikhali yenziwe i-polymerized ku-loop reactor kanye ne-isobutane slurry. Inkomba yokuncibilika komkhiqizo kanye nokusabalalisa kwesisindo samangqamuzana kungalungiswa futhi kulawulwe yi-catalyst, izimo zokusebenza kanye ne-hydrogen. I-comonomer ingaba butene-1, i-hexene-1, octene-1 nokunye. I-catalyst ephezulu yomsebenzi yenza kungadingeki ukususa i-catalyst, futhi awekho upharafini noma eminye imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngesikhathi se-polymerization, okunciphisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. I-Ethylene, isobutane, i-comonomer ne-catalyst ingena ngokuqhubekayo ku-loop reactor futhi isabela ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-100C futhi cishe 4.0 I-MPa, futhi isikhathi sokuhlala cishe 1 ihora. Izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-single-pass ye-ethylene lidlula 97%. Ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngethani ngalinye lomkhiqizo okhiqizwayo: 1.007 amathani ethylene, US$2-10 yama-catalyst namakhemikhali (ngemikhiqizo ehlukene), 350 kWh kagesi, 0.25 ithani lomusi, 185 ithani lamanzi okupholisa, futhi 30 m3 ye-nitrogen. 82 imigqa yokukhiqiza isiqalile ukusebenza nokwakhiwa, accounting for 34% umthamo we-PE womhlaba. The 135,000-ton plant of Shanghai Jinfei Company uses this technology. Maoming’s newly built 350,000-ton/year new device may also adopt this technology.
(7) Univation technology company low pressure gas phase Unipol process

LLDPE-HDPE is produced by the low-pressure, air-pressure Unipol PE process. Using slurry catalyst and gas

Phase, fluidized bed reactor. With conventional and metallocene catalysts, no catalyst removal step is required. Investment and operating costs are lower, and there is less pollution to the environment. I-Ethylene, comonomer and catalyst enter the fluidized bed reactor, the operating conditions are about 100C and 2.5MPa. The product density is 915-970kg/m3, futhi inkomba ncibilika kuyinto 0.1-200. According to the type of catalyst, narrow or broad molecular weight distribution can be adjusted. 89 production lines have been put into operation or construction. The single line capacity can be 410,000 ku 450,000 amathani ngonyaka. Okwamanje, there are many domestic devices using this technology, mainly Maoming, Jihua, Yangtze, Tianjin, Zhongyuan, Guangzhou, Daqing, Qilu, njll.

(8) Stamicarbon 4a COMPACT IZ This process uses advanced Z-N catalysts and uses COMPACT Solution technology to produce a density of

900-970kg/m3 of PE. A stirred tank reactor is used, and the polymerization temperature is 200C. Hydrogen is used to control the molecular weight of the polymer. No catalyst removal step is required. The material consumption and energy consumption per ton of product are: ethylene and comonomer 1.016t, electricity 500kwh, steam 400kg, cooling water 230m3, low pressure steam (output) 330kg. There are 5 sets of devices in operation, ngomthamo ophelele we 650,000 tons/ year.
(9) Basel Polyolefin Company Hostalen Process

The hostalen process of stirred tank is used to produce HDPE. Sebenzisa ama-reactor amabili ngokuhambisana noma uchungechunge

I-polymerization ye-slurry. Ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngethani ngalinye lomkhiqizo okhiqizwayo: 1.015 t ye-ethylene kanye nama-comonomers, 400 kg umusi, 350 kwh kagesi, futhi 165 m3 wamanzi okupholisa. There are 31 imigqa yokukhiqiza isebenza noma ngaphansi komklamo, namandla okukhiqiza cishe 3.4 amathani ayizigidi ngonyaka. Okwamanje, idivayisi yasekhaya esebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe iLiaohua Company, namandla okukhiqiza kuphela 40,000 amathani. Umthamo wamanje wokukhiqiza womugqa owodwa ongafinyelela kulobu buchwepheshe 350,000 amathani/ngonyaka, futhi ingakhiqiza cishe yonke imikhiqizo kuhlanganise ne-Bifeng, phakathi kwazo imikhiqizo yayo efana nefilimu, okungenalutho kanye nepayipi kunedumela elithile emhlabeni.